ArticleOphthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery
Periorbital Changes Following Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Oculofacial Complications and Interventions.
Article in Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and the Ocular Surface: A Narrative Review of Restoration, Remodeling, and Clinical Implications.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Review
- Mentorship as metadata: clinical annotation and the limits of real-world data in oculoplastic surgery.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) is associated with periorbital changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or obesity.
methodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted using the TriNetX Research Network database. Patients with T2DM treated with insulin or other antidiabetic agents and who were GLP-1RA naive served as the T2DM control group. The obesity control group included patients with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 ) who neither had bariatric surgery nor T2DM and were GLP-1RA naive. Study groups included patients with T2DM or obesity treated with GLP-1RAs. Rates of blepharoptosis, brow ptosis, dermatochalasis, ectropion, and entropion were recorded alongside their respective rates of surgical repair as well as the frequency of rhytidectomy and botulinum A toxin use. Outcomes were assessed at 3 and 20 years postdrug approval for the obesity and T2DM study groups, respectively.
resultsPatients with T2DM using any GLP-1RA were significantly more likely to develop brow ptosis ( p < 0.001) and receive botulinum toxin A ( p = 0.001) compared to controls. Patients with obesity using a GLP-1RA were significantly more likely to develop brow ptosis ( p = 0.004), dermatochalasis ( p < 0.001), and receive botulinum toxin A ( p < 0.001). Patients with obesity on a GLP-1RA were significantly more likely to undergo brow ptosis repair ( p = 0.001), blepharoptosis repair ( p < 0.001), blepharoplasty ( p < 0.001), and rhytidectomy ( p = 0.011) compared to controls.
conclusionsGLP-1RA use by patients with obesity or T2DM resulted in significant periorbital changes and subsequent repair. When compared to their respective controls, patients using GLP-1RAs for obesity observed more periorbital changes than those with TD2M, likely secondary to excess adipose tissue accumulation and loss.
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