ArticlemSphere2025
T and B cell responses following primary COVID-19 vaccination with CoronaVac and two heterologous BNT162b2 booster doses.
Article in mSphere, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The present study investigated T and B cell responses following a second heterologous booster dose of BNT162b2 administered after a two-dose CoronaVac regimen for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in 15 healthcare workers. Blood samples were collected 4 weeks after the first booster and at both 4 and 24 weeks after the second BNT162b2 booster. Interferon-γ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were detectable 4 weeks after the first booster, whereas only CD4+ T cells remained detectable at both 4 and 24 weeks after the second booster. Seven of the 15 participants (46.7%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 approximately 16 weeks after receiving the second booster. These individuals exhibited significantly higher frequencies of CD4+ T cells at 24 weeks post-booster than at 4 weeks post-booster. In contrast, the non-COVID-19 group exhibited significantly higher CD4+ T cell responses 4 weeks after the second booster. Memory B cells were detected at low frequencies at all three time points. IgG antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein were detectable at all three time points, with a significant decline observed 24 weeks after the second booster. Overall, CD4+ T and B cell responses induced by a heterologous second booster dose of BNT162b2 following a primary two-dose CoronaVac regimen were rapidly elicited and sustained for at least 6 months.IMPORTANCEThere is limited evidence regarding T and B cell responses following a primary COVID-19 vaccination series with CoronaVac and two heterologous BNT162b2 booster doses. This study investigated the longitudinal T and B cell responses induced by a second heterologous BNT162b2 booster following a primary two-dose CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccination regimen. These results demonstrate that CD4+ T cells induced by the second heterologous BNT162b2 booster play a key role in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and progression to severe disease. This study suggests the need for the future consideration of repeated emergency vaccine-boosting strategies in response to emerging viral infections.
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