Single-cell copy number alteration signature analysis reveals masked patterns and potential biomarkers for cancer.

Copy number alteration (CNA) is a major type of cancer genome alteration that drives cancer progression. CNA signature analysis can reveal underlying etiology and provide biomarkers for cancer treatment, and existing CNA signature analyses are all performed using bulk tissue samples. However, CNA usually affects a large proportion of genome, and the CNA profile of bulk sample does not reflect the actual CNA profiles of the individual cancer cells of the sample, especially in tumors with high heterogeneity, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, the evolutionary trajectory of CNA mutational processes still remains elusive. Here we build a method to comprehensively analyze the CNA signatures of HCC from single-cell and bulk sample perspective, revealing patterns and potential noise signals from the usually performed bulk tissue CNA signature analysis. Single-cell signature analysis delineates the evolutionary trajectory of HCC CNA signatures, and different CNA signatures consistently emerge in different HCC evolution stages. Single-cell CNA signatures show robust performance in patient prognosis and drug sensitivity prediction. This work not only reveals specific considerations in analyzing CNA signature derived from bulk tissue but also depicts CNA evolution process and provides potential biomarkers for the prognosis and treatment of HCC patients.