ArticleNature communications2025
Long COVID trajectories in the prospectively followed RECOVER-Adult US cohort.
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Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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12citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Recovery trajectories and predictors of symptom resolution in post-COVID-19 condition: a population-based cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID: Current Evidence, Emerging Concepts, and Future Perspectives.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Nanobodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 variants.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Persistent fatigue in long-COVID is not associated with peripheral inflammatory or cellular stress biomarkers: A cross-sectional controlled study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Research In Your Mailbox: Remote Blood Self-sampling Enables Participation of Underserved Populations in Longitudinal Studies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Clinical features and inflammatory signatures of patients with persistent gastrointestinal long COVID two years after severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Metabolic, viral, and immune phenotypes in long COVID.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Baroreflex sensitivity impairment in Long-COVID patients: a diagnostic tool for classifying the autonomic dysfunction spectrum.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Peripheral blood cytokines during early and post-acute stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with disease severity and long-term symptoms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Longitudinal trajectories of long COVID among hospitalized patients with omicron infection in Changzhi, China.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Algorithm dependence of patient phenotypes in Long COVID: a patient-led, multi-method clustering of 6031 patients using 162 self-reported symptoms.Oxford open immunology · 2026Article
- Long COVID trajectories in the prospectively followed RECOVER-Adult US cohort.Nature communications · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
55 authors.
Tanayott ThaweethaiMassachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0613-4176
Sarah E DonohueDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2790-2552
Jeffrey N MartinDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9773-3256
Mady HornigRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-3092
Jarrod M MosierDepartment of Emergency Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Daniel J ShinnickMassachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Hassan AshktorabDepartment of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
Ornina AtiehSchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Andra BlomkalnsDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5760-6351
Hassan BrimDepartment of Pathology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
Yu ChenDepartment of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Melissa M CortezDepartment of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Nathan B ErdmannDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Valerie FlahermanDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Paul GoepfertDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8441-5737
Jason D GoldmanSwedish Center for Research and Innovation, Providence Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-6832
Naomi M HamburgBoston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Jenny E HanDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-3935
James R HeathInstitute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Vanessa JacobyDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Sarah E JolleyDivision of Pulmonary Sciences & Critical Care, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA.
J Daniel KellyDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-0321
Sara W KellyDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8544-4767
C KimRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3881-1592
Jerry A KrishnanDepartment of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5525-4778
Rebecca LettsRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4747-7918
Emily B LevitanDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Public Health, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-3852
Matthew E ModesDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Grace A McComseySchool of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2690-8888
Torri D MetzDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Janet M MullingtonDepartment of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9156-9424
Igho OfotokunDivision of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Megumi J OkumuraDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Claudia Castillo ParedesDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Thomas F PattersonDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Michael J PelusoDivision of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0585-6230
Rebecca ReeceDivision of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3126-5568
Zaki A SherifDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-7041
Hyagriv N SimhanDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Christopher SimmonsDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
Upinder SinghDepartment of Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
Barbara S TaylorDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
Brittany D TaylorRECOVER Patient, Caregiver, or Community Advocate Representative, New York, New York, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-4037-5708
Joel D TrinityDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Andrea B TroxelDepartment of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Paul J UtzDepartment of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1181-1565
Andrew J VaseyDepartment of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3084-7416
Elisheva WeinbergerDepartment of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Zanthia WileyDivision of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Juan WisniveskyDivision of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Lynn M YeeDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Leora Horwitz *Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
Andrea S Foulkes *Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Bruce D Levy *Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. blevy@bwh.harvard.edu.
RECOVER-Adult Consortium
Funding
ACTIV Integration of Host-targeting Therapies for COVID-19 Administrative Coordinating CenterOT2HL156812 · NHLBI · RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE · PI NOLEN, TRACY L, THOMAS, SONIA M · 2020 to 2024
$1270.7MOTA-21-015A Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Initiative: NYU Langone Health Clinical Science Core, Data Resource Core, and PASC Biorepository CoreOT2HL161847 · NHLBI · NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE · PI GROSS, RACHEL SHARON, HORWITZ, LEORA · 2021 to 2025
$651.0MInteractive Data Portals and Robust Analytic Tools to Wrap PASC Cohorts (iDRAW) OTA-21-015AOT2HL161841 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI FOULKES, ANDREA S, KARLSON, ELIZABETH W · 2021 to 2024
$182.2MClinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Northern Ohio, Catalyzing Linkages to Equity in Health (CLE Health)UM1TR004528 · NCATS · CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY · PI GRACE A MCCOMSEY · 2023 to 2026
$32.1MStatistical Methods in COVID-19/PASC Clinical ResearchR01HL162373 · NHLBI · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Andrea S Foulkes · 2023 to 2026
$1.7MNCATS NIH HHS UM1 TR004528NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL156812NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161841NHLBI NIH HHS OT2 HL161847NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL162373RRD VA I01 RX003810U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) OTA OT2HL161841, OT2HL161847, OT2HL156812, OT2HL162087, and R01 HL162373
Abstract
Longitudinal trajectories of Long COVID remain ill-defined, yet are critically needed to advance clinical trials, patient care, and public health initiatives for millions of individuals with this condition. Long COVID trajectories were determined prospectively among 3,659 participants (69% female; 99.6% Omicron era) in the National Institutes of Health Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Adult Cohort. Finite mixture modeling was used to identify distinct longitudinal profiles based on a Long COVID research index measured 3 to 15 months after infection. Eight longitudinal profiles were identified. Overall, 195 (5%) had persistently high Long COVID symptom burden, 443 (12%) had non-resolving, intermittently high symptom burden, and 526 (14%) did not meet criteria for Long COVID at 3 months but had increasing symptoms by 15 months, suggestive of distinct pathophysiologic features. At 3 months, 377 (10%) met the research index threshold for Long COVID. Of these, 175 (46%) had persistent Long COVID, 132 (35%) had moderate symptoms, and 70 (19%) appeared to recover. Identification of these Long COVID symptom trajectories is critically important for targeting enrollment for future studies of pathophysiologic mechanisms, preventive strategies, clinical trials and treatments.
Indexed as
Post-Acute COVID-19 SyndromeSARS-CoV-2AdolescentAdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesReinfectionUnited StatesViral Load
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