ArticlePloS one2025
Cutaneous anthrax outbreak associated with use of cattle hides and handling carcasses, Amudat District, Uganda, 2023-2024.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Risk factors for anthrax in livestock: findings from one health outbreak investigations in Bangladesh.One health outlook · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnthrax is a zoonotic disease that remains endemic in Uganda, particularly in cattle-keeping areas. On December 28, 2023, the first suspected human case of anthrax was detected in Amudat District. We investigated to determine the outbreak's magnitude, identify risk factors, and recommend prevention and control measures.
methodsWe defined a suspected cutaneous anthrax case as acute onset of ≥2 of the following: skin lesions (papule, vesicle, or eschar) on exposed areas such as the hands, forearms, shoulders, back, thighs or face, localized itching, redness, swelling, or regional lymphadenopathy, in Amudat residents from December 2023-June 2024. A confirmed case was a suspected case with PCR-positive test for Bacillus anthracis. In unmatched case-control study (1:3 ratio), we compared exposures among 40 cases and 120 controls. We identified cases through house-to-house search, medical record reviews, and snowballing among case-persons. Human and animal samples were collected and tested, alongside an environmental assessment. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify associated risk factors.
resultsWe identified 102 cutaneous anthrax cases, including 7 confirmed cases; none died. The outbreak lasted 7 months, peaking in March 2024, with an overall attack rate of 169/100,000 (males: 196/100,000; females: 138/100,000). Use of cattle hides as bedding (OR=12; 95% CI:2.7-52) and butchering cattle carcasses (OR=6; 95% CI:1.8-19) were significantly associated with anthrax. The highest infection risk was observed among individuals with multiple exposures: butchered only (OR = 6.9, 95% CI:2.6-18), butchered and carried cattle parts (OR = 11, 95% CI:1.2-96), butchered and skinned (OR = 14, 95% CI:3.5-56), and butchered, carried, and skinned (OR = 17, 95% CI:1.6-219). No livestock had been vaccinated prior to the outbreak.
conclusionThe outbreak was associated to use of cattle hides as bedding and the butchering of cattle carcasses. We recommended community education, livestock vaccination, and safe carcass handling to prevent future outbreaks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.