ArticlePharmacotherapy2025
External Validation of the Fraser Equation for Estimation of Free Valproate Concentrations in Critically Ill Adults.
Article in Pharmacotherapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundCritically ill patients may be overexposed to valproate because altered protein binding leads to a disproportionate free valproate fraction. The Fraser equation was derived and internally validated to estimate critically ill patients' free valproate concentrations, but it requires external validation.
methodsAdult intensive care unit (ICU) patients at two academic centers with concurrently measured free and total valproate concentrations were included. Free valproate concentrations were estimated using the Fraser equation which includes total valproate, albumin and BUN concentration, and whether the patient received propofol or aspirin. The primary outcome was Fraser equation performance, assessed using Bland-Altman methods. Comparative performance against estimates from the Doré equation (an alternative predictive equation), therapeutic concordance using a target free valproate range of 5-15 mg/L, and equation improvements were explored.
resultsOverall, 315 patients and 556 free-total valproate concentration pairs were included. The mean (±SD) age was 58 (±17) years and 90 (29%) patients were on valproate prior to hospital admission. The Fraser equation estimated free valproate concentrations were correlated with measured concentrations (r = 0.728) with a negative bias (mean bias -2.77 mg/L, 95% LOA -18.9, 13.4). The Fraser equation increasingly underestimated measured concentrations as measured concentrations increased. 71% of Fraser equation estimates were therapeutically concordant (e.g., estimate and measured both within reference range) compared to 61.9% of Doré estimates (p = 0.001). Fraser equation modifications led to minor performance improvements but did not overcome worsening underestimation with higher measured free valproate concentrations.
conclusionThe Fraser equation was moderately accurate and corresponded with an appropriate interpretation for 71% of free valproate concentrations. Worse underestimation with higher measured free valproate concentrations suggests direct measurement of free valproate concentrations is warranted. While the Fraser equation could complement therapeutic decision making at centers where direct free valproate measurements are unavailable or slow to return, its accuracy is currently insufficient to replace direct measurement.
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