ArticleCureus2025
Impact of Smoking as a Risk Factor for Surgical Site Infections After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) of Distal Radius Fractures.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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8 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is a recognized risk factor for postoperative infections, but its specific impact on infection rates following distal radius fracture fixation remains underexplored.
objectiveTo compare the postoperative infection rates following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of distal radius fractures in smokers versus non-smokers. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Mardan Medical Complex, Mardan, Pakistan, over a three-year period (August 2020-July 2023). A total of 640 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent ORIF for distal radius fractures and had documented smoking status and 1-year postoperative follow-up were included. Patients were divided into smokers (n = 310) and non-smokers (n = 330). Data on demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, and microbiologically confirmed postoperative infections were analyzed. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis in the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.
resultsInfection rates were significantly higher among smokers (39 patients; 12.58%) compared to non-smokers (10 patients; 3.03%) (p < 0.001). Early infections (<30 days) occurred in 20 smokers (6.45%) and six non-smokers (1.82%), while late infections (≥30 days) were reported in 19 smokers (6.13%) and 4 non-smokers (1.21%). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed smoking as an independent predictor of postoperative infection, with smokers having more than a threefold increased risk compared to non-smokers (adjusted OR = 3.52, 95% CI: 1.68-7.37, p < 0.001). Poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥7) also doubled the risk of infection (adjusted OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.01-4.55, p = 0.046). Additionally, prolonged operative time (>90 minutes) was associated with approximately a twofold increased risk (adjusted OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.03-3.97, p = 0.040).
conclusionSmoking significantly increases the risk of postoperative infections following ORIF of distal radius fractures.
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