ReviewFrontiers in molecular biosciences2025
Immunological landscape of colorectal cancer: tumor microenvironment, cellular players and immunotherapeutic opportunities.
Review in Frontiers in molecular biosciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Gut Microbiome-Driven Strategies to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance in Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer.Cancers · 2026Review
- Preliminary revelation of potential therapeutic targets related to ribosome biogenesis in lung adenocarcinoma based on bioinformatics analysis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Fusobacterium nucleatum, succinate signaling, and immunotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer: clinical relevance and translational opportunities.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Digital Pathology and the AI-Based Quantification of the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastrointestinal Cancer: From Tumor Budding and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes to Tertiary Lymphoid Structures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Relationship Between eNOS T-786C and G894T Polymorphisms and Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility: A Study in the Algerian Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Bidirectional Interactions Between Immune Regulation and the Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- A mitoxyperilysis-related signature stratifies prognosis and identifies an aggressive colorectal cancer ecosystem with immune remodeling.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Plasticity and antigen presentation by group 3 innate lymphoid cells in colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic T-cell exhaustion analyses by in situ single-cell immunofluorescence in relation to colorectal cancer patient age, tissue bacteria and mortality.BMJ oncology · 2026Article
- CEA-targeted CAR-NK cells derived from embryonic stem cells exhibit potent anti-tumor activity against colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The CXCL12-CXCR4 axis in colorectal cancer: immune regulation, metastatic progression, and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Significance of the geriatric nutritional risk index and body composition as prognostic indicators in gastric cancer patients.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, with outcomes shaped not only by genetic alterations but also by the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The TME encompasses stromal and endothelial cells, extracellular matrix components, gut microbiota, and a diverse array of immune cells that dynamically interact to influence tumor initiation, progression, and therapeutic response. This review delineates the immunological landscape of CRC, highlighting the dual functions of innate immune cells-including tumor-associated macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and mast cells-and adaptive immune players such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T-cell subsets, and B/plasma cells. These cellular interactions contribute to the heterogeneity between immunologically "hot" microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) tumors, which are highly responsive to immunotherapy, and "cold" microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors, which remain resistant. Key mechanisms of immune evasion, such as cancer immunoediting, checkpoint signaling, and exosome-mediated communication, are examined alongside prognostic tools like the Immunoscore that serve as biomarkers of immune infiltration. Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies, including checkpoint blockade, macrophage reprogramming, natural killer cell agonists, and microbiome modulation, are discussed with emphasis on both their promise and limitations in CRC management. By integrating current insights into immune-tumor interactions, the review underscores opportunities for developing personalized, TME-targeted interventions to improve CRC outcomes.
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Registered trials
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