ArticleACS omega2025
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-Based Workflow for High-Throughput Discovery of CD28-Targeted Small Molecules.
Article in ACS omega, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- AI-Enforced Ultra-Large Virtual Screening Discovers Potent CD28 Binders.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2026Article
- An integrated biophysical fragment screening approach identifies novel binders of the CD28 immune receptor.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2026Article
- Computational-experimental identification of bioactive component combinations from Salvia miltiorrhiza for cardiovascular protection.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Overcoming the undruggable barrier: Structure-guided discovery of a potent small molecule CD28 antagonist with translational potential.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2026Article
- Structure-based virtual screening identifies potent CD28 inhibitors that suppress T cell co-stimulation in cellular and mucosal models.European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Discovery of CD28-Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitors of T Cell Co-Stimulation Using Affinity Selection-Mass Spectrometry (AS-MS) and Ex Vivo Validation.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
CD28 is a critical costimulatory receptor involved in T cell activation and immune regulation, making it a compelling target for immunomodulatory therapies. Despite its therapeutic relevance, small molecule CD28 inhibitors remain largely underexplored. To address this gap, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) workflow using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to identify novel CD28-targeted small molecules. To our knowledge, this work represents the first SPR-based HTS platform applied to the discovery of small molecules targeting a stimulatory immune checkpoint receptor. A chemical library composed of diverse 1056 small molecules was screened using a 384-well format. Compounds were evaluated based on level of occupancy (LO), binding response, and dissociation kinetics, resulting in 12 primary hits (1.14% hit rate). Follow-up dose-response SPR screening confirmed micromolar-range affinities for three compounds. Molecular docking and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations of the top hit,
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.