Nature-Inspired Innovation in Electrical Engineering Technologies and Applications.

In the rapidly evolving field of science and technology, biomimetic design has emerged as a transformative force in electrical engineering. Leveraging insights from natural evolution, biomimetic methodologies significantly enhance equipment performance and overall system efficiency. This review explores several key functional mechanisms, such as multimodal sensing, energy conversion, and adaptive drive, and showcases state-of-the-art applications. These include biomimetic sensors and detection systems that mimic natural entities like human epidermis, arachnid receptors, and the complex eyes of insects; actuation and robotic systems inspired by the flexible limbs of octopuses, the versatility of elephant trunks, and the cooperative dynamics of ant colonies; as well as renewable energy technologies derived from plant photosynthesis and microbial energy processes, illustrating their potential to transcend traditional engineering boundaries. This biomimetic design not only advances sensor technology, energy harvesting, and adaptive robotics but also holds revolutionary potential for neuromorphic computing and advanced information processing systems. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence in these domains, along with their applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and human-computer interaction, is discussed. This work underscores the critical integration of natural inspirations with modern engineering to enhance performance and sustainability, offering insights into the future of biomimetic design in electrical engineering.