SynthesisAnnals of medicine2025
Role of interleukin 17 and T helper cells 17 cells as a new immune target and signalling in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune thyroid diseases.
Synthesis in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced bullous pemphigoid: a systematic review of clinical characteristics and outcomes based on case reports.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Inflammatory Signatures of Graves' Orbitopathy: Linking Thyroid Autoimmunity, Disease Activity, and Novel Hematological Biomarkers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Inflammatory Signaling and Emotional Symptoms in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis beyond Thyroid Function Status.Neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Engineered IL1R1-CD3 Tregs modulate neuroimmune responses and attenuate neuropathic pain in a rat CCI model.Immunologic research · 2026Article
- The caprices of a trace element: selenium's considerable effects on Hashimoto's thyroiditis, though few on Graves' disease.European thyroid journal · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles at the immune-metabolic crossroads of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Chinese herbal formulas for Hashimoto's thyroiditis based on the thyroid-gut axis: multitarget synergistic mechanisms and boundaries of evidence.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Impact of dermatology targeted immunotherapies on autoimmune thyroid diseases: cytokine-network crosstalk and thyroid safety.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cytokines and drugs targeting cytokines in Graves' disease and thyroid eye disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aims to systematically review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which the interleukin 17 (IL-17)/T helper cells (Th17) signalling axis contributes to Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), with particular focus on IL-17/Th17/T regulatory cells (Treg) balance, and to summarize the development of IL-17-targeted therapies for autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).
methodsA comprehensive literature review (up to 2025) was conducted, encompassing human studies, animal models, and pre-clinical investigations related to IL-17/Th17 biology in AITD.
resultsIL-17 levels are elevated in both untreated and intractable GD. IL-17/IL-17RA signalling enhances the expression of IL-6, chemokine CXC ligand 10, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, thereby amplifying thyroid inflammation. The IL-23/IL-17 axis and Th17/Treg imbalance are strongly associated with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Serum and tissue IL-17 concentrations correlate positively with TPOAb or TgAb titres and early fibrosis, while Th17 predominance precedes Th1-mediated tissue destruction. Excessive iodine intake further drives naïve Tregs toward Th17 differentiation. Shared TGF-β signalling drives the reciprocal development of Th17 and Treg cells, with retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t and Forkhead box protein P3 acting as molecular switches. Disruption of this balance contributes to the progression of AITD. Several pre-clinical agents (JiaYanKangTai, Yanghe decoction, LY294002) have been found to ameliorate experimental autoimmune thyroiditis by inhibiting IL-17 signalling or restoring Th17/Treg equilibrium; however, clinical translation remains limited.
conclusionsIL-23/IL-17 axis and Th17/Treg imbalance are critical checkpoints in the AITD pathogenesis. IL-17 represents a promising, yet still experimental immunotherapeutic target, warranting rigorous clinical investigation.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.