SynthesisThe Lancet. Neurology2025
Global, regional, and national burden of headache disorders, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.
Synthesis in The Lancet. Neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07568496 (Greater Occipital Nerve Block for Migraine With Medication Overuse Headache), which is not on this map. Cited by 62 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Greater Occipital Nerve Block for Migraine With Medication Overuse Headache
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions in the prophylactic treatment of tension-type headache: systematic review and network meta-analysis.Annals of medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Long-term headache following cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- The emerging role of the meningeal lymphatic and glymphatic systems in migraine pathophysiology: a systematic review.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- Over 600 million people aged 18-65 will have headache tomorrow: global 1-day prevalence and recall bias from a meta-analysis of individual participant data (N = 38,512) from the general populations of 15 countries.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- Is the location of the needling point in sham acupuncture for tension-type headache associated with outcomes? A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Driving Mechanisms and Future Trends of Migraine and Tension-Type Headache Burden in G20 Countries: A Comparative Analysis Utilizing Decomposition Analysis and Explainable Machine Learning.Pain and therapy · 2026Article
- Migraine 1-2-3-4-5: a candidate communication aid for adult migraine without aura.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Adapting Tension-Type Headache to the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Taxonomy: A Conceptual Proposal.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Migraine in the cradle of civilization: Evaluating ancient Mesopotamian texts through the lens of ICHD-3.Headache · 2026Article
- Review
- Managing headache in primary care: choosing therapies that treat the whole patient.Family medicine and community health · 2026Review
- Headache disorders and the Global Burden of Disease study: deficiencies, challenges and opportunities for betterment.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Observational
- Acupuncture modulates migraine-related neural and neuroendocrine regulatory pathways.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- Temporal neural dynamics patterns in episodic and chronic migraine: a magnetoencephalography study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Atogepant Reduces Psychological Dependence on Acute Treatments Evaluated With the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire: A Prospective Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Chronic Hepatitis B in the Asia-Pacific Region: Results of the 2023 Global Burden of Disease Study.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Article
- Periventricular diffusivity at the ventricular-parenchymal interface across healthy controls, episodic migraine, and chronic migraine: a cross-sectional multimodal MRI study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Sleep quality and chronotype in primary headache disorders: a nationwide population-based study of 5,311 Polish adults.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- Reduced Serum Uric Acid and Albumin Levels in Patients with Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 estimates health loss from migraine, tension-type headache, and medication-overuse headache. This study presents updated results on headache-attributed burden from 1990 to 2023, along with clinical and public health implications.
methodsData on the prevalence, incidence, or remission of migraine, tension-type headache, and medication-overuse headache were extracted from published population-based studies. We used hierarchical Bayesian meta-regression modelling to estimate global, regional, and country-level prevalence of headache disorders. For the first time in GBD 2023, age-specific and sex-specific estimates of time in symptomatic state were applied by meta-analysing individual participant data from 41 653 individuals from the general populations of 18 countries from all parts of the world. Disability weights were applied to calculate years lived with disability (YLDs). Since medication-overuse headache is a sequela of a mistreated primary headache (due to medication overuse), its burden was reattributed to migraine or tension-type headache, informed by a meta-analysis of three longitudinal studies.
findingsIn 2023, 2·9 billion individuals (95% uncertainty interval 2·6-3·1) were affected by headache disorders, with a global age-standardised prevalence of 34·6% (31·6-37·5) and a YLD rate of 541·9 (373·4-739·9) per 100 000 population, with 487·5 (323·0-678·8) per 100 000 population attributed to migraine. The prevalence rates of these headache disorders have remained stable over the past three decades. YLD rates due to headache disorders were more than twice as high in females (739·9 [511·2-1011·5] per 100 000) as in males (346·1 [240·4-481·8] per 100 000). Medication-overuse headache contributed 58·9% of the YLD estimates for tension-type headache in males and 56·1% in females, as well as 22·6% of the YLD estimates for migraines in males and 14·1% in females.
interpretationHeadache disorders, in particular migraine, continue to be a major global health challenge, emphasising the need for effective management and prevention strategies. Much headache-attributed burden could be averted or eliminated by avoiding overuse of medication (including over-the-counter medication), underscoring the importance of public education.
fundingGates Foundation.
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