Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41240323›Full record

SynthesisOral diseases2026

Prevalence of Associated Extraoral Symptoms and Comorbidities in Burning Mouth Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review.

João Paulo Gonçalves de Paiva, Caique Mariano Pedroso, Rosa María López-Pintor Muñoz, Milda Chmieliauskaite, Alessandro Villa, Jacks Jorge, Alan Roger Santos-Silva

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Oral diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

João Paulo Gonçalves de PaivaDepartamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Caique Mariano PedrosoDepartamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-7597
Rosa María López-Pintor MuñozDepartment of Dental Clinical Specialties, ORALMED Research Group, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Milda ChmieliauskaiteDepartament of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Alessandro VillaOral Medicine, Oral Oncology and Dentistry, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-6000
Jacks JorgeDepartamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Alan Roger Santos-SilvaDepartamento de Diagnóstico Oral, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-6617

Funding

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivePatients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) suffer from oral pain in the absence of oral lesions. Although less frequently, they may also experience extraoral symptoms that are not readily apparent to clinicians. This study aimed to systematically assess the prevalence of associated extraoral symptoms and comorbid disorders in BMS patients.

methodsComprehensive searches were performed in five electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and LILACS). Observational studies that reported extraoral symptoms in primary BMS patients were included. The collected data were analyzed descriptively. The quality assessment of the included studies was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools.

resultsWe included 22 studies encompassing 2786 BMS patients. Most patients were female (n = 2138; 76.7%). BMS-associated extraoral symptoms and comorbidities disorders included sleep disturbances (71.8%), anxiety (65.7%), depression (60.6%), alexithymia (6.1%), tinnitus (5.9%), low back pain (45.3%), and headache (4.4%). Fifteen studies were classified as low risk, six as moderate risk, and one as high risk of bias.

conclusionsBMS patients experience associated extraoral symptoms and comorbid disorders in addition to intraoral pain. These symptoms must be taken into account by clinicians and receive appropriate clinical treatment, as they can significantly affect patients' quality of life.

Indexed as

Burning Mouth SyndromeAnxietyComorbidityDepressionFemaleHeadacheHumansPrevalenceSleep Wake Disordersburning mouth syndromemedically unexplained symptomsprevalence

Identifiers

PMID41240323
PMCPMC13125735

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.