Observational studyInternational journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics2026
Physical agents' level in women with primary dysmenorrhea: A cross-sectional observational study.
Observational study in International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivePrimary dysmenorrhea (PD), menstrual pain in the absence of pathology, is the main reason for gynecological consultation in young women. Physical agents, used in physiotherapy for therapeutic purposes, can be self-used by women with primary dysmenorrhea. The objective of this study is to determine the best-known and most used physical agents. The study also investigates pain intensity, perceived pain, and the areas of most frequent painful.
methodsAn observational, cross-sectional study was carried out. The sample was a cohort of adult female population of students or university researchers from the University of A Coruña (Spain) with primary dysmenorrhea. Data collection instrument was an online self-administered questionnaire. Main variables were pain intensity, description and location (Numeric Rating Scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire, short version), and physical agents used (self-reported). Kendall's coefficient of concordance, Spearman's correlation coefficient, the χ
resultsAmong 736 respondents, 216 were considered PD cases. Heat, postures, and massage are the most well-known physical agents (99.07%, 214 women; 85.6%, 185 women; 79.2%, 171 women, respectively). They are also the most used (heat, 92.1%, 199 women; postures, 81.9%, 177 women; 50 massage, 75.5%, 163 women). The abdomen, rachis, and lumbopelvic area were the most common pain perception locations (99%, 214 women).
conclusionHeat, postures, and massage were the most used, most recommended, and most effective physical agents. Physical exercise was the least known but the fourth most effective and the sixth most widely used physical agent. IMPACT: This research provides relevant information from which to develop future intervention strategies. Knowing the most painful areas is also relevant to identify anatomical locations that can be the object of therapeutic attention.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.