ArticleMedicine2025
Causal association of education, smoking, sedentary lifestyle and body mass index with disc degeneration: Mendelian randomization.
Article in Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Intervertebral disc degeneration.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common vertebral disease, and we aimed to investigate the causal relationship between several risk factors and IVDD using Mendelian randomization (MR). We obtained summary data from public genome-wide association study databases from large sample projects. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was used as the primary method to estimate causal effect sizes. Several sensitivity analyses (including heterogeneity and pleiotropy tests) were performed to test the stability and reliability of the causal estimates. Univariate MR analysis showed that each 1 standard deviation increase in genetically predicted educational attainment was associated with a 43.2% reduction in the risk of IVDD (IVW; (OR) = 0.568; 95% CI [0.499-0.647]; P = 1.568 × 10-17). Smoking behavior increased the risk of IVDD by 22% (IVW; OR = 1.220; 95% CI [1.069-1.393]; P = .003), and increased hours of Watching TV and mobile phone use increased the risk of IVDD by 85.3% and 65.8%, respectively (IVW; OR = 1. 853; 95% CI [1.430-2.401]; P = 3.092 × 10-6), (IVW; OR = 1.658; 95% CI [1.222-2.251]; P = .001); and higher body mass index increased the risk of IVDD by 31.4% (IVW; OR = 1.314; 95% CI [1.213-1.424]; P = 2.382 × 10-11). Multivariate MR analysis showed that education and body mass index remained independently associated with IVDD after adjustment for other factors. Our findings support a potential causal relationship between several modifiable factors and IVDD. These findings may provide new directions for prevention and intervention strategies targeting IVDD.
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Registered trials
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