ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2025
Long COVID Disproportionately Reported by Disadvantaged Individuals: A National Survey of U.S. Working-Age Adults.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCOVID-19 disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities and economically disadvantaged persons, which may also apply to sequelae from acute infection. Little is known about those who live with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), including long COVID, especially those without a formal diagnosis.
objectiveTo examine self-reported long COVID symptoms and its associations with individual and state characteristics from a national survey sample of working-age adults.
designRepeated cross-sectional survey analysis.
participantsEighteen- to 64-year-old adults who reported ever having had COVID-19 (n = 409,087). MAIN MEASURES: We examined long COVID responses from the online Household Pulse Survey (9/22/2022-10/30/2023), administered by the Census Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics. Long COVID was defined as having "symptoms lasting 3 months or longer that you did not have prior to having coronavirus" (e.g., fatigue, difficulty thinking, shortness of breath) or not. Logistic regression models adjusted for survey week, respondent characteristics (e.g., demographics, acute COVID-19 severity), and state characteristics (e.g., rurality, Health Professional Shortage Areas). We additionally examined concurrent depression and anxiety symptoms. KEY
resultsThe HPS response rate was 6.10% during the study timeframe.
conclusionsLong COVID symptoms and disability were disproportionately reported among survey respondents who were Hispanic and who were economically-disadvantaged. Rural communities were more so impacted.
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