Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41237323›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2026

Inflammatory and Insulinemic Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Study of 84,174 Person-Years of Follow-up.

Peipei Liu, Jiaxi Yang, Dong Hoon Lee, Ling-Jun Li, Wei Wei Pang, Jorge E Chavarro, Frank B Hu, Cuilin Zhang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Peipei LiuGlobal Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0003-0685-3189
Jiaxi YangGlobal Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0001-7277-0715
Dong Hoon LeeDepartment of Sport Industry Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-4497-9615
Ling-Jun LiGlobal Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0003-1329-4637
Wei Wei PangGlobal Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Jorge E ChavarroDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0002-4436-9630
Frank B HuDepartment of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
Cuilin ZhangGlobal Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.ORCID 0000-0002-8014-2708

Funding

Life Course Cancer Epidemiology Cohort in WomenU01CA176726 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI ELIASSEN, A. HEATHER, WILLETT, WALTER C. · 2018 to 2025
$22.4M
Integrating lifecourse approaches, biologic and digital phenotypes in support of heart and lung disease epidemiologic researchU01HL145386 · NHLBI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY D/B/A HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH · PI CHAVARRO, JORGE EDUARDO, MANSON, JOANN ELISABETH · 2019 to 2025
$17.8M
Premonopausal Hormone Levels and Risk of Breast CancerR01CA067262 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI HANKINSON, SUSAN E · 2002 to 2011
$11.9M
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development HHSN275201100002INCI NIH HHS R01 CA067262NCI NIH HHS U01 CA176726NHLBI NIH HHS U01 HL145386NICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201000020CNICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201100002CNICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201100002GNIH HHS R01 CA67262NIH HHS U01 CA176726NIH HHS U01 HL145386
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe examined the associations of inflammatory and insulinemic diets with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsWe followed 4,318 women with a history of GDM in the Nurses' Health Study II for incident T2D between 1991 and 2019. Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern (EDIP) and empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) scores were calculated using prevalidated methods. Cox models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the risk of T2D. Additionally, we estimated the least squares means of cardiometabolic biomarkers according to EDIP and EDIH quintiles in a subset of participants who were free of T2D at the time of blood collection.

resultsDuring 84,174 person-years of follow-up, 1,037 women developed T2D. After adjusting for major covariates, including BMI, higher EDIP and EDIH scores, which indicated greater dietary inflammatory and insulinemic potential, were associated with an increased risk of T2D. Compared with those for the lowest quintile, adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for the highest quintile were 1.32 (1.06, 1.64) for EDIP and 1.44 (1.14, 1.82) for EDIH (both Ptrend < 0.05). Higher EDIP scores were significantly associated with higher concentrations of insulin and lower levels of HDL cholesterol, and EDIH scores were significantly positively associated with insulin and C-peptide concentrations.

conclusionsAmong women with a history of GDM, those with greater dietary inflammatory and insulinemic potential were found to be at a higher risk of T2D and to have unfavorable cardiometabolic profiles.

Indexed as

Diabetes, GestationalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2DietInflammationAdultFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansInsulinMiddle AgedPregnancyProspective StudiesRisk FactorsInsulin

Identifiers

PMID41237323
PMCPMC12719706

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.