Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41237055›Full record

ArticleJournal of mental health (Abingdon, England)2026

Mental and behavioral health characteristics among individuals injuriously shot by police in the United States.

Julie A Ward, Rebecca L Fix, Javier A Cepeda, Paul S Nestadt, Cassandra K Crifasi

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Julie A WardDepartment of Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt College of Arts and Science, Nashville, TN, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1604-349X
Rebecca L FixDepartment of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Javier A CepedaDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Paul S NestadtSchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Cassandra K CrifasiCenter for Gun Violence Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Funding

Harmonizing Multiple Data Sources And Psychological Autopsy To Characterize Suicides Among Opioid-Related DeathsK23DA055693 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Paul Sasha Nestadt · 2022 to 2026
$985k
Project SHIELD: Police Education to Support Public Health in KentuckyR61DA060622 · NIDA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI BELETSKY, LEO, CEPEDA, JAVIER · 2024 to 2024
$901k
NIDA NIH HHS K23 DA055693NIDA NIH HHS R61 DA060622
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundCriminalization of people experiencing mental illness is systemic, but the conditions surrounding police use-of-force in such encounters are under-examined.

aimsTo describe mental or behavioral health (MBH) involvement in injurious shootings by U.S. police compared with MBH-uninvolved shootings.

methodsUsing a 2015-2020 dataset developed from manual review of injurious shootings by police compiled from the Gun Violence Archive (GVA) (

resultsTwenty-three percent of injurious shootings by police involved MBH symptoms (

conclusionsPolice are de facto mental health system responders. Associated harms may be reduced through triage systems to facilitate clinician involvement, extreme risk protection order statutes, and better police training and protocols.

Indexed as

Mental DisordersPoliceSubstance-Related DisordersWounds, GunshotAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedUnited StatesYoung Adultcrisis responsefatal and nonfatal shootingsmental illnessPolice violencepublic healthsubstance useuse of force

Identifiers

PMID41237055
PMCPMC12721205

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.