ArticleJournal of gambling studies2026
Are Gambling Motives all the Same? The Psychometric Properties of the GMQ-F Amongst Sports Bettors.
Article in Journal of gambling studies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The Gambling Motives Questionnaire - Financial (GMQ-F) is the most widely used scale for assessing gambling motives. Although previous research supports the reliability and validity of GMQ-F scores, no study has examined its psychometric properties among sports bettors, which present distinct demographics and clinical characteristics. To this end, this study evaluated the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the GMQ-F among 920 sports bettors. We hypothesized that the GMQ-F would exhibit a four-factor structure and conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) to test model fit. Participants completed measures assessing their demographic characteristics, sports betting behaviours (frequency, time spent, bet type), and problem gambling. Results indicated that the ESEM model provided an excellent fit, outperforming the CFA model, with a clear four-factor structure (social, enhancement, coping, financial) that better captured the relationship between gambling motives while allowing for minimal cross-loadings. Measurement invariance testing revealed that the GMQ-F was consistent across different types of sports bettors (in-play, single-event, and traditional), gender (man vs. woman), and ethnicity (White vs. Racialized). Regression analyses showed that social, coping, and financial motives were positively associated with problem gambling severity, while enhancement motives were negatively related to problem gambling severity among sports bettors. These findings provide evidence supporting the validity and reliability of GMQ-F scores for assessing gambling motives, and suggest its utility across a range of demographic and sports betting subgroups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
41236694What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.