ReviewAnnals of medicine2025
Research progress on immune checkpoint inhibitors in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Review in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The expression status and clinical value of TIM-3 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- A Multi-omics Investigation Identifies TACC3 as a Driver of Immunosuppression in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma via Activation of the STAT3-PD-L1 Axis.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a relatively uncommon but lethal neoplasm of the biliary tract. Evolving immunotherapy has important implications for the treatment of ICC. Novel immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) continue to be identified and have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of ICC, though there are some issues.
objectiveThis article profoundly discusses the core issues of immunotherapy for ICC, provides a comprehensive and systematic overview, and propose corresponding countermeasures to improve patient outcomes .
methodsWe analyze the tumor microenvironment to validate the important role of immune checkpoints in tumor immune escape. By incorporating multiple clinical and preclinical trials to summarize the latest advances in ICIs for ICC treatment, we investigate the current challenges and limitations of ICC immunotherapy and explore new directions for its development.
resultsMonotherapy approaches fail to achieve satisfactory outcomes in ICC. Combination therapies, such as the pairing of ICIs with chemotherapy, exhibit synergistic effects, overcome drug resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, targeted therapies, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and IDH inhibitors, have exhibited antitumor activity in the context of ICC.
conclusionIn summary, ICIs are assuming an increasingly prominent role in the management of ICC. Efforts should be made to improve treatment methods and apply combination therapy strategies to address drug resistance. The combination of multiple treatment methods and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the treatment of ICC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.