Synovial chondromatosis: Novel advances in understanding the pathogenesis and in diagnostic strategies (Review).

Synovial chondromatosis (SC) is a relatively rare benign synovial disorder characterized by the abnormal chondroid metaplasia of synovial cells, leading to the formation of multiple cartilage nodules that affect both intra‑articular and extra‑articular synovial tissues. Although the pathogenesis of SC remains incompletely understood, various signaling pathways, the inflammatory microenvironment and mechanical stress carry out key roles in the progression of the disease. Given the advancements in imaging techniques and the pathological mechanisms at play, early diagnosis and lesion evaluation of SC have markedly improved. In terms of treatment, both arthroscopic and open surgeries remain the primary approaches, with total synovectomy is the preferred method given the reduction in recurrence rates. The exploration of biologic agents offers novel possibilities for non‑surgical management. Despite the generally benign nature of SC, recurrent occurrences and the potential for malignant transformation require careful monitoring. Future research should focus on molecular‑targeted therapies, early detection and precision therapeutics to optimize clinical management and long‑term outcomes of patients with SC. The present review discusses the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and future research directions of SC, aiming to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for its clinical management.