Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41234435›Full record

ArticleBrain & spine2025

Risk reduction after bicycle, scooter, and skateboard-related head injuries through helmet use and brain injury education: A trauma center quality improvement initiative.

Leila L Etemad, Lawrence Chyall, Sara Cole, Cathra Halabi, Gabriela G Satris, Christine J Gotthardt, Joye X Tracey, Kathryn S Park, Theodore T Tran, Diego Martell and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Brain & spine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Leila L EtemadDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Lawrence ChyallBrain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Sara ColeBrain and Spinal Injury Center, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Cathra HalabiWeill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Gabriela G SatrisDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Christine J GotthardtDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Joye X TraceyDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Kathryn S ParkDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Theodore T TranDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Diego MartellDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Bukre C CoskunDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Allen Y FuNew York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America.
Mahmoud M ElguindyDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Maria C VelascoDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Anthony M DiGiorgioDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Phiroz E TaraporeDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Michael C HuangDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
Geoffrey T ManleyDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
John K YueDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Helmets reduce head injury severity after bicycle, scooter, and skateboard injuries. Prevention of one head injury reduces lifetime risk of reinjuries. Our clinical care quality improvement initiative (QII) aimed to improve helmet usage, education, and safety awareness in head injury patients at a United States trauma center. Research question: To assess QII feasibility. Material and methods: Head injury patients presenting to emergency department (ED) after bicycle, scooter, and skateboard accidents without helmets or with lost/damaged helmets were provided helmets free-of-charge, and in-person review of traumatic brain injury education, resources, and follow-up care. Surveys on helmet use were conducted in the ED and at ≥1 telephone appointments (2-weeks to 1-year). Results: In 21 patients aged 37.7 ± 12.5-years, 71 % were male, 38 % had traumatic intracranial hemorrhage on head computed tomography (CT) scan, and 81 % were unhelmeted. Mechanisms included scooter (48 %), bicycle (38 %), and skateboard-related (14 %) injuries. All patients reported improved understanding of risk reduction strategies and helmet use at enrollment and follow-up. At follow-up, 11/21 patients were able to resume pre-injury bicycle, scooter, and/or skateboard-related activities, of which 82 % reported consistent helmet use. Of 10 patients unable to resume pre-injury activities, reasons included head injury (50 %), polytrauma (30 %), and concern for reinjury (30 %). Discussion and conclusions: Costs of one head injury ED admission may exceed $6000, compared with $60 for one helmet. In-person provision of helmets, education, and resources is an adoptable, cost-effective intervention for improving safety awareness and reducing reinjury risk. Next steps include expanding QII implementation and refining evaluation metrics.

Indexed as

Closed head injuryHelmetInjury preventionQuality improvementTraumatic brain injury

Identifiers

PMID41234435
PMCPMC12607080

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.