ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2025
Current practices for diagnosis and management of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in the United States.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Concurrent Multidomain Cognitive Assessment and Serum BDNF Level in Aged Dogs: Comparison Between Normal Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Article
- Increased neurotoxic gliosis and blood-brain barrier dysregulation in canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCD).Frontiers in aging · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: There are currently no accepted guidelines for the diagnosis and management of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome (CCDS). The objective of this study was to describe the current diagnostic and management practices regarding CCDS by veterinarians in the United States (US). Methods: An anonymous online survey was distributed to veterinary practitioners from January to May 2025. The survey included questions regarding patient population, CCDS diagnosis and treatment and client interactions. Results: A total of 318 survey responses were obtained from veterinarians who saw companion dogs regularly. Nearly all (97.2%) had made a diagnosis of CCDS in their career, citing patient history and clinical signs/ behavioral changes as the tools they use to make a diagnosis. Most veterinarians (approximately 80%) rarely or never referred their potential CCDS cases to a veterinary specialist. When managing their CCDS patients, pharmaceuticals are most often recommended, specifically selegiline. Selegilline was also considered most effective in managing CCDS, however this view was held by only about 30% of veterinarians. Responses reflected uncertainty regarding best practices and treatment efficacies, with veterinarians citing lack of knowledge and owner-related barriers such as lack of interest or financial constraints as factors which hinder treatment recommendations. Discussion: Results from this survey underscore there are still significant gaps in knowledge as to best practices for the diagnosis and management of CCDS. Clear CCDS diagnostic and management guidelines are needed to support veterinarians and address the therapeutic needs of patients.
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Registered trials
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