ReviewCurrent gastroenterology reports2025
Clinical Utility of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Children with Gastrointestinal Disorders.
Review in Current gastroenterology reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
purpose of reviewTo review the clinical utility of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections in children with gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. RECENT
findingsBTX is a presynaptic acetylcholine inhibitor with medical indications ranging from the treatment of muscle spasticity to gastrointestinal disorders involving sphincter dysfunction. BTX injections to the upper esophageal sphincter are used to target cricopharyngeal achalasia and retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction as temporary measures to decrease sphincter tone and improve swallowing, potentially eliminating the need for surgery. Lower esophageal and pyloric BTX injections have shown benefit in achalasia and gastroparesis, particularly in children unable to undergo or refractory to definitive treatments. Anorectal indications represent the largest experience, especially in children with persistent obstructive defecation symptoms after surgery for Hirschsprung's disease. BTX injection is a minimally invasive, reversible, and generally well-tolerated intervention with mild, self-limited side effects. However, its limitations include transient effects, procedural variability, and primarily off-label use, with most pediatric experience derived from small series. Prospective studies are needed to further evaluate patient selection, standardization, dosage, and long-term efficacy in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.