Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41233564›Full record

SynthesisSpinal cord2026

Evaluating the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after spinal cord injury: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ghazal Tavakoli, Alireza Ghaleh, Amir Ghanbari, Matin Baghani, Morvarid Saeinasab, Farshid Sefat, Milad Rahimzadegan

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Spinal cord, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Ghazal TavakoliStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3817-9045
Alireza GhalehStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amir GhanbariFunctional Neurosurgery Research Center, Research Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Matin BaghaniFunctional Neurosurgery Research Center, Research Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Matin.baghani@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3569-5714
Morvarid SaeinasabDepartment of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
Farshid SefatDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.
Milad RahimzadeganFunctional Neurosurgery Research Center, Research Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Milad.Rahimzadegan@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7706-2726

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

STUDY

designSystematic review and meta-analysis.

objectivesTo assess the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and explore factors contributing to this variability.

settingThe studies included in this review were conducted across multiple countries, offering a diverse representation of global prevalence.

methodsA systematic search was conducted. A random-effects meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence and odds ratio of data extracted from eligible studies. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were performed to assess the impact of covariates and study variables.

results28 studies were included, with a total of 99,916 individuals. The pooled prevalence of T2DM in the SCI population was 14.2% (95% CI: 10.3-18%). Moreover, a meta-analysis of the odds ratio (OR) demonstrates the pooled random-effects of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.5-3.5). Geographical differences were a key factor, with higher prevalence reported in the USA (18.9%) compared to other regions (8.2%) (p = 0.002). Age was also positively associated with T2DM prevalence (p = 0.007), with a significant rise observed in individuals over 50. Additionally, a significantly higher pooled prevalence of T2DM among the veteran population compared to non-veterans has been revealed (21 and 10.3%, respectively).

conclusionOur findings confirm a significantly greater likelihood of T2DM in SCI individuals and a higher burden of T2DM compared to the general population. The correlation between aging and T2DM prevalence emphasizes the necessity for early screening in older SCI individuals.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Spinal Cord InjuriesHumansPrevalenceRisk Factors

Identifiers

PMID41233564

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.