Reviewing the 95 sociotechnical barriers to the decarbonization of buildings.

Building decarbonization is critical to meet climate goals, given the embodied energy, and material resources needed to construct buildings, their operational energy use, and the need for new facilities for growing populations in addition to retrofitting inefficient existing structures. Here, we examine 95 sociotechnical barriers that inhibit progress on decarbonization of the building sector that can be categorized by economic, political, social, behavioral, and technical dimensions. We find that economic barriers are the most prevalent globally, followed by political barriers. The building sector's slowness in adopting decarbonization strategies can be explained by its distinct complexity and differences among barriers by building stage, stakeholders of interest, geography, and even the forum of discussion. We also show how the use of the "carbon lock-in" framework validates the intersectional nature of barriers and infers that policy interventions to advance building decarbonization must be dynamic, local, and engage multiple dimensions simultaneously to drive change.