ArticleMolecular pharmaceutics2025
Confounding Effect of Hepatic Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) Variability on Clopidogrel Oxidation.
Article in Molecular pharmaceutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Protein Abundance of Hydrolytic Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in Different Tissues and across Species.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clopidogrel, a frequently used prodrug, is converted to its active metabolite through the intermediate 2-oxo-clopidogrel by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which accounts for only 5%-15% of its metabolism. Majority of the clopidogrel dose (85%-90%) is extensively hydrolyzed to its inactive metabolite, clopidogrel carboxylic acid by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). In vitro studies suggest the involvement of multiple CYP isoforms, with CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6 identified as major contributors to 2-oxo-clopidogrel formation. While CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms are often highlighted as the primary factor contributing to variability in the clopidogrel response, the confounding role of CES1 variability on clopidogrel oxidation is less well understood. Our study utilizing proteomics-informed scaling highlights the importance of accurate estimation of the fraction metabolized (
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