Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41232854›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026

A process-driven approach for manufacturing personalized intravaginal rings using droplet deposition modeling.

Nobel O Sierra-Vega, Manjusha Annaji, Muhammad Ashraf, Nahid Kamal, Daniel Porter, Matthew Di Prima, James Coburn, Thomas O'Connor, Ahmed Zidan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of pharmaceutics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Nobel O Sierra-VegaOffice of Pharmaceutical Quality Research, CDER, U.S. FDA, USA.
Manjusha AnnajiOffice of Pharmaceutical Quality Research, CDER, U.S. FDA, USA.
Muhammad AshrafOffice of Pharmaceutical Quality Research, CDER, U.S. FDA, USA.
Nahid KamalOffice of Pharmaceutical Quality Research, CDER, U.S. FDA, USA.
Daniel PorterOffice of Science and Engineering Laboratories, CDRH, U.S. FDA, USA.
Matthew Di PrimaOffice of Science and Engineering Laboratories, CDRH, U.S. FDA, USA.
James CoburnOffice of Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats, OCS, U.S. FDA, USA.
Thomas O'ConnorOffice of Pharmaceutical Quality Research, CDER, U.S. FDA, USA.
Ahmed ZidanOffice of Pharmaceutical Quality Research, CDER, U.S. FDA, USA. Electronic address: ahmed.zidan@fda.hhs.gov.

Funding

Intramural FDA HHS FD999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Droplet Deposition Modeling (DDM) is an additive manufacturing technology with potential applications in personalized drug delivery systems, enabling the production of drug products tailored to individual patient characteristics. This study explores the application of DDM in manufacturing customized intravaginal rings (IVRs) using β-estradiol as a model drug, focusing on how three key printing parameters-infill density (ID), droplet aspect ratio (DAR), and discharge rate (DR)-affect the performance characteristics of 3D-printed IVRs. These characteristics include surface morphology, porosity, weight, mechanical and viscoelastic properties, as well as in vitro drug release. The 3D-printed IVRs exhibited high dimensional accuracy and uniformity within batches. The results demonstrated that increasing ID from 70% to 90% and DR from 56% to 62% led to higher weight, Shore M hardness, compression strength, Young's modulus, storage modulus, and loss modulus, while decreasing porosity. On the other hand, increasing DAR from 1.1 to 1.3 produced opposing trends. Drug release was predominantly influenced by variations in ID and DAR, with higher ID values associated with slower drug release rates. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms governing the DDM process in pharmaceutical applications and highlight the importance of printing parameters for optimizing the quality and functionality of personalized IVRs. This work demonstrated the potential of additive manufacturing in enabling personalized medicine and distributed manufacturing of drug delivery systems, contributing to the advancement of patient-specific healthcare solutions.

Indexed as

Contraceptive Devices, FemaleDrug Delivery SystemsEstradiolTechnology, PharmaceuticalAdministration, IntravaginalDrug LiberationHumansPorosityPrecision MedicinePrinting, Three-DimensionalEstradiol3D printingDischarge rateDroplet aspect ratioDroplet deposition modelingDrug product personalizationInfill-densityIntravaginal rings

Identifiers

PMID41232854
PMCPMC12958148

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceTDM
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.