Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41232529›Full record

ArticleCell2026

Molecular grammars of predicted intrinsically disordered regions that span the human proteome.

Kiersten M Ruff, Matthew R King, Alexander W Ying, Vicky Liu, Avnika Pant, Whitney E Lieberman, Min Kyung Shinn, Xiaolei Su, Cigall Kadoch, Rohit V Pappu

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Article
  6. New perspectives on plant water sensing.Science China. Life sciences · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Distinguishing near- versus off-critical phase behaviors of intrinsically disordered proteins.Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) · 2026
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Physics-guided design of intrinsically disordered proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026
    Article
  16. Article
  17. The Polymers of Life: Exploring Cellular Function Through Polymer Concepts.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  18. Small heat shock proteins and biomolecular condensates.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Kiersten M RuffDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. Electronic address: kiersten.ruff@wustl.edu.
Matthew R KingDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Alexander W YingDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Vicky LiuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Avnika PantDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Whitney E LiebermanDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
Min Kyung ShinnDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Xiaolei SuDepartment of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
Cigall KadochDepartment of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 21044, USA. Electronic address: cigall_kadoch@dfci.harvard.edu.
Rohit V PappuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular Condensates, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. Electronic address: pappu@wustl.edu.

Funding

Understanding the Sequence and Structural Determinants of Phase Behavior of ALS-Causing ProteinsR01NS121114 · NINDS · ST. JUDE CHILDREN'S RESEARCH HOSPITAL · PI Tanja Mittag, ROHIT V PAPPU · 2021 to 2026
$3.8M
Uncovering the Molecular Principles for Microphase Separation by Nuclear Speckle Proteins and RNA TranscriptsK99GM152778 · NIGMS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SHINN, MIN KYUNG · 2024 to 2025
$153k
Uncovering mechanisms of rRNA flux through the nucleolusF32GM146418 · NIGMS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI KING, MATTHEW R · 2022 to 2024
$144k
NIGMS NIH HHS F32 GM146418NIGMS NIH HHS K99 GM152778NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS121114
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins are defined by molecular grammars. This refers to IDR-specific non-random amino acid compositions and non-random patterning of distinct pairs of amino acid types. Here, we introduce grammars inferred using NARDINI+ (GIN) as a resource that uncovers IDR-specific and IDRome-spanning grammars. Using GIN-enabled analyses, we find that specific IDR features and GIN clusters are associated with distinct biological processes, intra-cellular localization preferences, specialized molecular functions, and functionalization as assessed by cellular fitness correlations. IDRs with exceptional grammars, defined as sequences with high-scoring non-random features, are harbored in proteins and complexes that enable spatial and temporal sorting of biochemical activities within the nucleus. Overall, GIN can be used to extract sequence-function relationships of individual IDRs or clusters of IDRs, to redesign extant IDRs or design de novo IDRs, to perform evolutionary analyses through the lens of molecular grammars and GIN clusters, and to make sense of IDR-specific disease-associated mutations.

Indexed as

Intrinsically Disordered ProteinsProteomeAmino Acid SequenceHumansIntrinsically Disordered ProteinsProteomebiomolecular condensatescancerintrinsically disordered regionsmolecular grammarsRNA polymerasesubcellular localizationtranscriptional regulation

Identifiers

PMID41232529
PMCPMC13296966

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.