Transforming Food Systems: A Review of Sustainable Approaches to Minimize Food Loss and Waste.

Food loss and waste are significant global issues that have a profound impact on food security, the environment, and the economy. This review examines the magnitude, origins, and consequences of food loss and waste within the food system, emphasizing both technical and socio-political dimensions. Evidence suggests that losses occur at multiple stages, including production, post-harvest handling, retail, and consumption. The causes include inadequate infrastructure, poor handling practices, ineffective supply chains, consumer behaviors, and weak regulatory frameworks. High-income nations generate more waste during consumption, whereas developing regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa experience significant waste post-harvest and throughout distribution. Existing interventions, including the expansion of the cold chain, utilization of digital platforms, and implementation of awareness campaigns, have proven to be inadequately scalable, particularly in resource-constrained environments. Moreover, inadequacies persist in data quality, behavioral research, policy enforcement, and the incorporation of circular economy methodologies. This review is distinctive in that it examines the collective impacts on the environment, health, and economy, correlating them with governance and cultural influences, particularly in developing nations. The findings underscore the need for policies that are transparent, evidence-based, and integrate food loss and waste reduction with national strategies for food security, climate change mitigation, and public health. To achieve SDG 12.3 and enhance the sustainability of food systems, it is crucial to strengthen data systems, promote private sector engagement, and foster innovations in the circular economy.