SynthesisFrontiers in pharmacology2025
The impact of proton pump inhibitor exposure on pneumonia: an updated meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials.
Synthesis in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Combination of proton-pump inhibitor and anti-CD3 F(ab')Immunotherapy advances · 2026Article
- Association between potentially inappropriate medications and 30-day outcomes among hospitalized older adults with reduced physiologic reserve: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and pneumonia risk remains inconclusive. This meta-analysis explores the impact of PPI use on the risk of pneumonia. Methods: We systematically searched for relevant randomized controlled trials in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane Library from January 2000 to March 2025. Relative ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated to quantify the association between proton pump inhibitor use and pneumonia incidence. Results: The analysis included 20 RCTs involving 29,100 participants. Compared to the non-PPI group, the PPI-exposed group showed a higher incidence of pneumonia in the general population (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.99-1.21, p = 0.07) and for hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.00-1.26, p = 0.06), although the differences were not statistically significant. A higher incidence of pneumonia was observed in the intervention group among the Asian population (RR = 1.30, p = 0.02), particularly in Iran (RR = 2.73, p < 0.001) and among Asian users of pantoprazole (RR = 1.94, p = 0.05). No significant differences in pneumonia incidence were found between groups among participants from Europe (RR = 1.04, p = 0.67) or America (RR = 1.02, p = 0.95), for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (RR = 1.17, p = 0.11), or among participants in intensive care units (ICUs) (RR = 1.05, p = 0.29) or out of ICUs (RR = 1.28, p = 0.14). Conclusion: The use of PPI might increase the risk of pneumonia in general population, especially among Asians (in Iran and in the Asian users of pantoprazole), HAP. Systematic Review Registration: Identifier, CRD420251021884.
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