ArticleFrontiers in medicine2025
Determinants of childhood pneumonia: a retrospective hospital-based analysis.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors of pneumococcal disease among preschool children in Bushenyi District, Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Environmental and socioeconomic influences on childhood asthma and pneumonia: burden and healthcare utilization in a population-based cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Risk Factors and Predictors of Pneumonia Among Under-Five Children in Sana'a City, Yemen: A Multicenter Case-Control Study.Pediatric health, medicine and therapeutics · 2026Article
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1 author.
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Abstract
Background: Childhood pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries, driven by a complex interplay of socioeconomic, environmental, and modifiable risk factors. Objective: To investigate determinants of pneumonia among children aged 2-59 months in resource-limited settings, with a focus on healthcare, nutritional, and environmental factors. Methods: A retrospective hospital-based case-control study was conducted using medical records of children aged 2-59 months. Cases were physician-diagnosed pneumonia based on WHO IMCI criteria, while controls were children without respiratory illness presenting for unrelated conditions. Data on demographics, household exposures, immunization, nutrition, and feeding practices were extracted using a standardized form. Results: Multivariable analysis identified significant risk factors: use of unclean cooking fuel (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.25-3.23), incomplete immunization (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.24-6.20), and lack of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI: 1.32-3.34). Maternal age ≥25 years was also associated with increased risk (AOR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.26-3.31). Malnutrition showed an unexpected protective effect (AOR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.08-0.23), while zinc supplementation showed a moderate effect (AOR = 1.63; 95% CI: 1.01-2.64). No significant associations were observed for HIV status, vitamin A supplementation, smoking exposure, child age, sex, or household crowding. Conclusion: Childhood pneumonia in under-five children is strongly influenced by modifiable factors, particularly breastfeeding practices, immunization coverage, nutritional status, and household energy sources. Targeted interventions addressing these determinants may substantially reduce the burden of pneumonia in resource-limited settings.
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