ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
320 × 240 SPAD Direct Time-of-Flight Image Sensor and Camera Based on In-Pixel Correlation and Switched-Capacitor Averaging.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Developing the Readout Electronics for a Custom 64 × 64 SPAD Array: From Single-Board Prototyping to FPGA Implementation Toward Stellar Intensity Interferometry.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Blooming-Region-Aware Directional Weighting Filter for Correcting Blooming-Induced Background Depth Distortion in AMCW-ToF LiDAR Imaging of a High-Reflectance Object.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Multi-Path Interference Challenges and Suggested Solution for Correlation-Assisted Direct Time-of-Flight.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Comparison of Front- and Back-Illuminated Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes in 110 nm Standard CMOS Image Sensor Technology.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Correlation-Assisted Direct Time-of-Flight (CA-dToF) is demonstrated for the first time on a large 320 × 240-pixel SPAD array sensor that includes on-chip high-speed timing support circuitry. SPAD events are processed in-pixel, avoiding data communication over the array and/or storage bottlenecks. This is accomplished by sampling two orthogonal triangle waves that are synchronized with short light pulses illuminating the scene. Using small switched-capacitor circuits, exponential moving averaging (EMA) is applied to the sampled voltages, delivering two analog voltages (VQ2, VI2). These contain the phase delay, or the time of flight between the light pulse and photon's time of arrival (ToA). Uncorrelated ambient photons and dark counts are averaged out, leaving only their associated shot noise impacting the phase precision. The QVGA camera allows for capturing depth-sense images with sub-cm precision over a 6 m range of detection, even with a small PDE of 0.7% at an 850 nm wavelength.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.