Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41228960›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Indium Tin Oxide-Based Voltammetric Biosensor for the Detection of Antibodies Against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Spike Protein.

Greta Zvirzdine, Maryia Drobysh, Almira Ramanaviciene, Vilma Ratautaite, Sarunas Zukauskas, Migle Stanciauskaite, Ieva Plikusiene, Arunas Ramanavicius

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Greta ZvirzdineNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0002-1895-0130
Maryia DrobyshNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0003-1257-0396
Almira RamanavicieneNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0001-5864-0359
Vilma RatautaiteNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0002-9931-4397
Sarunas ZukauskasNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0002-2957-3123
Migle StanciauskaiteNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0009-0007-8844-2100
Ieva PlikusieneNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0002-7972-8891
Arunas RamanaviciusNanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.ORCID 0000-0002-0885-3556

Funding

Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba S-MIP-24-111
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aims to propose a plausible application of a novel electrochemical biosensing system for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (anti-rS) in serum samples. The uniqueness of this study lies in the biosensor utilizing recombinant spike glycoprotein (SCoV2-rS) immobilized on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). The electrochemical performance was evaluated using square wave voltammetry (SWV), demonstrating a linear relationship between the current density and anti-rS concentration. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 113 ng/mL (0.75 nM), and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) was equal to 338 ng/mL (2.25 nM). The reported electrochemical biosensor offers a straightforward and efficient method for evaluating the immune status of individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 and been vaccinated against this virus without the need for any redox probe.

Indexed as

Antibodies, ViralBiosensing TechniquesCOVID-19Electrochemical TechniquesSARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusTin CompoundsElectrodesHumansLimit of DetectionPropylaminesSilanesamino-propyl-triethoxysilaneAntibodies, Viralindium tin oxidePropylaminesSilanesSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2Tin Compoundsaffinity interactionantigen–antibody bindingellipsometryimmune complex formationindium tin oxide (ITO) electroderecombinant spike proteinSARS-CoV-2 virussquare wave voltammetry (SWV)

Identifiers

PMID41228960
PMCPMC12610070

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.