Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41228698›Full record

ArticlePolymers2025

Experimental Study on the Effect of Humidity on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Mechanical Metamaterials.

Qian Sun, Xiaojun Tan, Jianhao Man, Shuai Li, Zeeshan Ali, Kaiyang Yin, Bo Cao, Christoph Eberl

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Polymers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Qian SunSchool of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1163-4060
Xiaojun TanSchool of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
Jianhao ManTianjin Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Safety Technology for New Energy Vehicles, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
Shuai LiDepartment of Engineering Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4260-7949
Zeeshan AliSchool of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7757-1069
Kaiyang YinState Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.ORCID 0000-0001-7149-2610
Bo CaoSchool of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4613-8457
Christoph EberlCluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.

Funding

Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Humboldt Research FellowshipDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) EXC-2193/1 - 390951807Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) No. 515116761Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities No. G2022WD01028Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities No. G2024KY05105National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments No. JCKYS2023603C018National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 12302190
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this study, six common fused filament fabrication (FFF) polymers-PEEK, PLA, PETG, ABS, Nylon, and TPU-were acclimatized at 15%, 45%, and 95% relative humidity (RH) to characterize tensile behavior, including Young's modulus, maximum strain, and ultimate tensile strength. Separately, mechanical metamaterial samples at relative densities (RD) of 25%, 35%, and 45% were tested in compression at the same RH levels to evaluate stiffness, strength, and Poisson's ratio. The water absorption process can generally be divided into different stages-rapid uptake (0-12 h), a plateau (12-60 h), and a late rebound (60-100 h)-with a total uptake ranking of Nylon > PETG > PLA ≈ ABS > TPU ≈ PEEK. Samples under tensile and compressive tests show a great difference between properties at different RD and RH levels. Poisson's ratio indicates that material responses remain predictable at low-to-moderate RH, whereas high RH serves as a critical threshold inducing abrupt Poisson's ratio behavioral shifts. This study provides systematic validation for the application of 3D-printed metamaterials under varying humidity conditions, such as biomedical implants in human body.

Indexed as

3D-printed polymersfused filament fabrication (FFF)humidity effectsmechanical metamaterialmechanical performance

Identifiers

PMID41228698
PMCPMC12608748

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.