ReviewCancers2025
Therapeutic Intensification Based on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.
Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Artificial intelligence and predictive tools in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a narrative review of current insights and advances.Translational andrology and urology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesSystemic immunotherapy, previously used mainly for advanced urothelial carcinoma, now plays an important role in the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), either alone or combined with intravesical BCG instillations.
methodsWe conducted a collaborative, comprehensive review to summarize the key evidence and future perspectives on therapeutic intensification strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors in NMIBC. A total of 51 references published between 2000 and 2025 were included.
resultsFour phase II studies evaluated pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, and cetrelimab as monotherapy in 28 to 132 BCG-unresponsive NMIBC patients. They reported complete response rates ranging from 12% to 43% after 3 to 12 months of treatment, with a durable response rate ranging from 49% to 57.4% at 12 months. To improve these results, a phase II trial launched this year tests a new systemic combination targeting both the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and the emerging HLA-E/NKG2A pathway. Regarding BCG-naïve high-risk (HR) NMIBC, four phase III studies are evaluating BCG instillations combined with systemic immunotherapy: sasanlimab (CREST), durvalumab (POTOMAC), atezolizumab (ALBAN), and pembrolizumab (KEYNOTE-676), with significant results reported for the CREST and POTOMAC trials. The key challenge remains selecting patients most likely to benefit from this combination therapy while avoiding overtreatment. Identifying predictive biomarkers of tumor aggressiveness and response to immunotherapy also represents a major future challenge.
conclusionsTherapeutic intensification using systemic immunotherapy applies to both BCG-unresponsive NMIBC, with a new target pathway (HLA-E/NKG2A), and BCG-naïve HR NMIBC, where the combination of BCG instillations and immunotherapy represents a major breakthrough.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.