Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41228261›Full record

ArticleCancers2025

Reclassifying Menopausal Breast Cancer and Assessing Non-Genetic Risk Factors in Ghanaian Women: Insights from a Cohort Study.

Claudia Adzo Anyigba, Victor Ayinbora Azusiyine, Courage Siame, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Emmanuel Lante Lamptey, Christiana Dufie Asamoah, Helena Frempong, Gordon Akanzuwine Awandare, Josephine Nsaful, Joe Nat Clegg-Lamptey and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Claudia Adzo AnyigbaWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0002-3993-0067
Victor Ayinbora AzusiyineDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box GP 4236, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0001-7581-2447
Courage SiameWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.ORCID 0009-0008-1960-1654
Aniefiok John UdoakangDepartment of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Laje Road, Ondo City PMB 536, Nigeria.ORCID 0000-0001-6784-5508
Emmanuel Lante LampteyWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
Christiana Dufie AsamoahWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
Helena FrempongWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0001-8131-5861
Gordon Akanzuwine AwandareWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.
Josephine NsafulDepartment of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box 77, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0002-5421-8182
Joe Nat Clegg-LampteyDepartment of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box 77, Ghana.
Florence DedeyDepartment of Surgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box 77, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0001-6806-9256
Lawrence EduseiDepartment of Pathology, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra P.O. Box 77, Ghana.
Ralph ArmahDepartment of Surgery, Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Accra P.O. Box GP 473, Ghana.
Alfred TwumasiDepartment of Surgery, Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Accra P.O. Box GP 473, Ghana.
Ronald J WeigelDepartment of Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, 1500 John Colloton Pavillion, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
Lily PaemkaWest African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana.ORCID 0000-0001-7498-520X

Funding

World Bank African Centres of Excellence and a DELTAS African Initiative DEL-22-014: Awandare
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND/

objectivesBreast cancer incidence is increasing in younger Ghanaian women. However, few epidemiological studies have evaluated the modifiable risk factors in this population. Additionally, these studies have classified breast cancer in Ghanaian women based on the global menopausal case classification. This study reclassified premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer in a Ghanaian cohort, assessing the risk factors using the observed menopausal age in Ghanaian women of 48 years, rather than the global standard of 50 years.

methodsWomen diagnosed with breast cancer and scheduled for surgery from December 2018 to March 2023 were recruited across four hospitals in Ghana for the Ghana Breast Cancer Omics Project (BCOPGh), and data were collected using a questionnaire. Cross-tabulation and linear regression were used to evaluate the relationships between categorical variables and age at diagnosis.

resultsOut of a total of 262 women recruited, 34.4% were classified as having premenopausal breast cancer, while early-onset breast cancer (EOBC) accounted for 14.9% of all cases. The molecular subtypes were predominantly hormone receptor (HR)-positive (61%) while triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounted for 16%. The tumours were predominantly at stage II (62%) and grade 2 (51%), with invasive carcinoma NST (56%) being the most common subtype. Within this cohort, nulliparity increased the odds of EOBC by 13.5-fold, while having a first birth after the age of 23 doubled the odds of premenopausal breast cancer. Reproductive factors (menarche and menopause) and lifestyle (alcohol intake, smoking, contraceptive use, and breastfeeding duration) were not associated with premenopausal breast cancer in this cohort. About 13% of participants reported a family history of breast cancer, and 79% had prior knowledge of the disease.

conclusionThis study supports previous reports of the relatively higher incidence of aggressive disease in young Ghanaian women and the protective effect of early age at first birth. It further underscores the need to investigate its genetic underpinnings, whilst highlighting the importance of public education on self-examination techniques to reduce advanced disease presentation in Ghanaian women.

Indexed as

associationbreast cancerearly-onset breast cancerGhanaianlate-onsetpostmenopausalpremenopausalreproductive factorsrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID41228261
PMCPMC12608925

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.