ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2025
Multi-Omics Profiling Identifies Apolipoprotein E as an Important Regulator of Steroidogenesis in Bactrian Camel Poll Glands During the Breeding Season.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Nutritional Disorders and Metabolic Adaptations in Dromedary Camels: Insights into Foregut Fermentation and Mineral Balance.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Camel poll gland tissues (PGs) secrete amber liquid and volatile substances during the breeding season, inducing estrus and mating in female camels. These processes are mainly regulated by steroid hormones and their receptors, including the Androgen Receptor (AR). However, the functional components of PGs and their regulatory mechanisms in camel reproduction remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we identified candidate differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) associated with steroids through a multi-omics analysis of PGs during the male camel breeding season. We found that total cholesterol and testosterone concentrations were significantly increased in camel PGs at different stages of the breeding season. DEMs and DEPs related to cholesterol or steroids were analyzed using metabolomics and data-independent acquisition proteomics in the PGs of male Bactrian camels at different stages (early and peak breeding seasons), and the potential mechanism of steroid hormone synthesis was further explored. The metabolomics results identified 13 DEMs related to steroids in PGs at different stages. The proteomics results revealed seven GO terms and 69 DEPs related to steroids, with apolipoprotein E (APOE) identified as the core DEP. Pathway analysis confirmed that APOE and related DEPs were involved in cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis. Immunostaining showed that APOE and AR were co-localized in the cytoplasm of acinar epithelial cells, and exhibited opposite expression trends in PGs during different breeding stages. These findings demonstrate that APOE- and AR-mediated cholesterol metabolism plays an important role in steroid hormone synthesis during camel reproductive activity, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of steroid synthesis in PGs. This study offers a theoretical framework for understanding camel reproductive biology, particularly the interplay between APOE and AR in regulating cholesterol metabolism and steroidogenesis.
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