Research Methods for the Analysis of Visual Emotion Cues in Animals: A Workshop Report.

Animal emotions have been debated since Darwin's pioneering work on the expression of such states in humans and other animals. Lately, interest in measuring animal emotions has been growing. Hence, a scientific discussion on this topic was needed, which translated into the organisation of the first International Workshop on Research Methods for Animal Emotion Analysis (RM4AEA). The current work aims to provide a concise yet critical examination of the current knowledge and methodological approaches discussed during the workshop, with a primary focus on visual behaviours. Although establishing conceptual definitions poses an initial challenge when studying animal emotions, the key challenges are found when collecting data sets, and when interpreting and analysing the information contained therein. This work also offers insights and recommendations to address these challenges, drawn from the closing panel discussion. By synthesising recent developments and expert perspectives shared during the workshop, this report aims to foster continued dialogue within the scientific community.