Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41225734›Full record

ArticleVeterinary ophthalmology2026

Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Topical 0.1% Diclofenac Sodium and 0.5% Ketorolac Tromethamine in Dogs.

Jacqueline Peraza, Matthew K Ross, Vernon C Langston, Robert Wills, Danielle Fischer, Christine Cassen, Caroline Betbeze

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary ophthalmology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jacqueline PerazaDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
Matthew K RossDepartment of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
Vernon C LangstonDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
Robert WillsDepartment of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
Danielle FischerDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
Christine CassenDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.
Caroline BetbezeDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2169-8834

Funding

Training and Mentoring Core P20GM103476 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI · PI MICHAEL R GARRETT · 2012 to 2026
$60.2M
Mississippi State UniversityNIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM103476
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo determine plasma concentrations of ophthalmic 0.1% (w/v) diclofenac sodium and 0.5% (w/v) ketorolac tromethamine following 4 times daily ophthalmic administration in healthy dogs. ANIMALS STUDIED: Eight healthy research Beagles. PROCEDURES: A prospective, masked, randomized, crossover study was conducted. Eight dogs were randomly assigned to a diclofenac or ketorolac group (4 dogs per group). Plasma was collected before drug administration (time 0/baseline). Each dog received 0.05 mL, equivalent to one drop of diclofenac or ketorolac into both eyes 4 times daily for 5 days (4 am, 8 am, 12 pm, and 4 pm). Plasma samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min after the 4 pm treatment on Days 1 and 5. Plasma concentrations (ng/mL) were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and analyzed with noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05).

resultsAfter ophthalmic administration of 0.1% diclofenac, mean t

conclusionsDiclofenac and ketorolac were rapidly absorbed systemically after ophthalmic administration. The half-life of topical ketorolac is six times longer than that of diclofenac.

Indexed as

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDiclofenacKetorolac TromethamineAnimalsArea Under CurveCross-Over StudiesDogsFemaleHalf-LifeMaleOphthalmic SolutionsProspective StudiesAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalDiclofenacKetorolac TromethamineOphthalmic SolutionsAUCC maxhalf‐lifenonsteroidal anti‐inflammatoryNSAIDsystemic absorption

Identifiers

PMID41225734
PMCPMC13158953

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.