ArticleBMC public health2025
Accessibility of Ontario pharmacies offering COVID-19 vaccination by rurality, community material deprivation, and ethnic concentration: a repeated cross-sectional geospatial analysis.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCommunity pharmacies are largely recognized as geographically accessible; yet concerns arise regarding inequitable access to COVID-19 vaccination, especially during early vaccine availability.
objectivesThis study aims to investigate the geographic accessibility of community pharmacies offering COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario's from April to December 2021 considering community-level rurality, material deprivation, and ethnic concentration.
methodsData from the Ontario Ministry of Health website COVID-19 vaccination pharmacies between April 27, 2021 and December 20, 2021, were analyzed. Pharmacy addresses were geocoded using Environics Analytics Business Data and the Postal Code Conversion File (PCCF+). Material deprivation and ethnic concentration at the Dissemination Area (DA) level were based on Public Health Ontario's marginalization data and organized into quintiles. Mean geographic accessibility was calculated for each quintile using the 2-Step Floating Catchment Area method using service areas of 1,000, 1,500, or 3,000 m for urban DAs and 10,000 m for rural DAs. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean geographic accessibility across eight selected dates reflecting vaccine eligibility and availability changes.
resultsOf 15,174 pharmacies identified, 92.9% were successfully linked to geographic coordinates. Three eras of vaccine availability were identified: [1] Intermediate; [2] Scarcity (May 2021); and [3] Abundance (November and December 2021). During vaccine shortages, more deprived and ethnically concentrated urban areas had greater geographic accessibility than less deprived areas, while rural areas had no access. For example, during vaccine scarcity, urban DAs in the highest ethnic concentration quintile had an accessibility score of 6.55 compared to 0.18 in the lowest quintile. During other periods, more deprived urban areas either showed higher geographic accessibility or no significant difference compared to less deprived areas; however, rural deprived areas generally had lower geographic accessibility than urban areas.
conclusionsDuring COVID-19 vaccine scarcity or abundance, deprived and ethnically concentrated urban areas had similar or higher access compared to less deprived areas. However, rural deprived areas experienced lower geographic accessibility. Access to pharmacies can be enhanced in rural deprived areas by incentivization and outreach. Further research examining whether this geographic accessibility variance influenced vaccine uptake and infection rates.
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