Uterine and ovarian hemodynamics assessment of Camelus dromedarius with hormonal alterations and anatomical and histological architecture.

The current study provided novel data on utero-ovarian hemodynamics and seasonal vascular alterations in she-camels (Camelus dromedarius) concerning hormonal profiles, with potential implications for thermoregulation and reproductive management. Twelve adult she-camels were examined during breeding (BS) and non-breeding (NBS) seasons using an interdisciplinary approach that combined morphological, hormonal, and Doppler assessments. Blood samples were analyzed for estrogen, progesterone, and nitric oxide levels, and the temperature-humidity index was used to estimate higher stress in the non-breeding season. At slaughter, healthy non-pregnant genital tracts of female camels were collected during both seasons for anatomical assessment and light microscopy. Morphological and histological examination of ovarian (OA) and uterine (UA) arteries revealed increased vessel diameters, blood flow volume, thickness of tunica media, smooth muscle relative area percentage, and intramural venules (IMV) in a unit area of OA and UA sections, along with reduced collagen and elastic fibers, during the breeding season. These vascular changes coincided with elevated Estradiol and nitric oxide levels and reduced Doppler indices, suggesting enhanced perfusion in cooler months. The findings indicate that seasonal changes in ovarian and uterine hemodynamics, related to histological vascular organization and hormone transport, may support reproductive function and guide fertility management in camels. Although the relatively small sample size warrants cautious interpretation, the results offer new insights into seasonal variations in reproductive hemodynamics in she-camels and highlight the need for further research with larger populations.