Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41225171›Full record

ArticleSurgical endoscopy2026

Spatiotemporal characteristics of eye-hand coordination among different skill levels in laparoscopic surgery.

Farzad Aghazadeh, Bin Zheng, Mahdi Tavakoli, Hossein Rouhani

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Surgical endoscopy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Farzad AghazadehDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, 10-390 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada.
Bin ZhengDepartment of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Mahdi TavakoliDepartment of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
Hossein RouhaniDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, 10-390 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 Street NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada. hrouhani@ualberta.ca.ORCID 0000-0002-4790-9313

Funding

Alberta Minister of Jobs, Economy and Innovation MIF01 T4 P1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionEfficient eye-hand coordination is fundamental to surgical proficiency, particularly in minimally invasive surgeries. A comprehensive analysis of eye-hand coordination across varying surgical skill levels is essential for evaluating surgical task proficiency and establishing a basis for objective surgical skill assessment and training.

methodsEighteen participants, including five experts (attending general surgeons), five intermediates (surgical residents), and eight novices without prior surgical experience, were recruited in this study. Metrics such as gaze motion entropy, gaze-tooltip relative latency, and gaze-tooltip dynamic time warping (DTW) were employed to assess the irregularity of gaze motion and coordination between gaze and surgical instrument motion.

resultsExperts had significantly lower gaze motion entropy than novices, reflecting more organized and predictable gaze behavior. Experts and intermediates also exhibited superior gaze and surgical instrument coordination than novices, as indicated by significantly lower gaze-tooltip DTW values for surgical instruments in both dominant and non-dominant hands. Furthermore, longer gaze-tooltip relative latency for the surgical instrument in the non-dominant hand among experts compared to novices suggests anticipatory gaze motion, i.e., eye-leading-hand behavior.

conclusionThis study developed a spatiotemporal framework for analyzing eye-hand coordination, demonstrating that higher surgical skill levels are associated with lower gaze motion entropy, greater spatial coordination between gaze and instrument motion, and longer gaze-tooltip relative latency. These findings can contribute to objective surgical skill assessment and offer valuable insights for surgical training, potentially accelerating the learning curve for trainees.

Indexed as

Clinical CompetenceEye MovementsHandLaparoscopyPsychomotor PerformanceAdultFemaleFixation, OcularHumansInternship and ResidencyMaleEntropyGaze motionHand–eye coordinationMinimally invasive surgerySkill assessment

Identifiers

PMID41225171

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.