ArticleBMJ open2025
Impact of barcode medication administration on patient safety in UK hospital settings: protocol for a mixed-methods realist evaluation.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
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Abstract
introductionBarcode medication administration (BCMA) systems are increasingly being implemented in hospital settings, with the aim of decreasing medication administration errors. However, the majority of the literature demonstrating the value of BCMA in supporting patient safety is from the USA. Furthermore, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that support its use. This study aims to explore the impact of BCMA on patient safety including medication admisntration errors and nursing time spent providing direct patient care, in terms of what works, for whom, under what circumstances, and how. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will use a mixed-methods realist evaluation. The study will be conducted in four phases, at two London NHS teaching trusts and one South West Region NHS Trust using different electronic health record systems. Phase 1 will involve documentary analysis and a narrative review to develop an initial programme theory for how BCMA is expected to work. Phase 2 will use interviews with key informants to refine this programme theory. The programme theory will then be tested in phase 3 using mixed methods: (1) observation of nurses' medication administration; (2) analysis of alert data from the BCMA systems to understand the alerts' clinical significance and utility and (3) interviews with nurses and hospital inpatients to explore their views. These data will be triangulated to refine and finalise the programme theory in phase 4, together with recommendations for practice. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Study Coordination Centre has obtained approval (24/SC/0326) from the Oxford B NHS Research Ethics Committee and the Health Research Authority. The study's findings will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. Additionally, summaries of the findings will be produced, targeted at relevant groups such as healthcare professionals, policy-makers and study participants.
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