ArticleNeurology2025
Income, Race-Ethnicity, and Dementia Risk Factors in the United States.
Article in Neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Accelerated multimorbidity in early adulthood and long-term functional disability in later life: a life-course epidemiological study.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo determine population attributable fractions (PAFs) of modifiable dementia risk factors by income, and independent and interactive associations of race-ethnicity and income with each risk factor and cumulative number of midlife risk factors.
methodsThis nationally representative cross-sectional study of the 1999-2008, 2011-2014, and primarily the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys comprised of individuals aged 18-44, 45-64, and 65+ years for early-life, midlife, and late-life analyses, respectively. Income was operationalized using the poverty-income ratio. The primary outcomes were PAFs and prevalence ratios (PR) of the 13 individual-level dementia risk factors and cumulative number of midlife risk factors.
resultsThere were 13,145 individuals with risk factor data between 2015 and 2018 (51.1% aged 18-44, 31.0% aged 45-64, and 17.9% aged ≥65 years; 51.5% female after survey-weighting). Higher income was associated with lower prevalence of each dementia risk factor except obesity, high LDL, and TBI. The highest PAF for those with incomes <100% of the federal poverty level was late-life vision loss (20.9%, 95% CI 16.8%-25.2%). Higher income was associated with lower number of midlife risk factors (PR: 0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.94). Race-ethnicity categories historically-underrepresented in dementia studies were associated with midlife diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and late-life vision loss. DISCUSSION: Lower income and historically underrepresented race-ethnicity categories are associated with many dementia risk factors. Dementia prevention efforts may be more successful by targeting modifiable risk factors in these higher-risk populations.
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Registered trials
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