ArticleBMC public health2025
Breaking the cycle: how educational inequality and gender norms fuel intimate-partner violence in Kiribati.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Prevalence and factors associated with intimate partner violence experiences among young married women in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) in Kiribati affects nearly 68% of women, almost twice the global average. Despite higher educational attainment among women, IPV remains pervasive, highlighting the influence of patriarchal norms and economic dependence. This study examines how education, gender norms, and structural conditions intertwine to shape IPV risk.
methodsA mixed-methods design was employed, combining a survey of 500 participants with 30 in-depth interviews, and 20 participants in 4 focus group discussions. Quantitative analysis included Principal Factor Analysis, Structural Equation Modeling, and regression; qualitative data were thematically analyzed.
resultsIPV rates declined from 65.4% among women with no formal education to 45.8% among those with tertiary education (n = 148), yet violence remained prevalent. Patriarchal norms (β = 0.68, p < 0.001) and economic dependence (β = 0.72, p < 0.001) had strong direct effects on IPV. Additionally, patriarchal norms indirectly influenced educational inequality via IPV (β = 0.42, p < 0.05). Male education reduced IPV (β = - 0.75, p = 0.0002), particularly under economic strain (interaction β = 0.30, p = 0.048). Participants rated the effectiveness of national gender-neutral education policies poorly, with average implementation and integration scores ranging from 2.1 to 2.3 out of 5. Barriers, such as economic hardship (mean = 4.7) and stigma (r = - 0.71, p < 0.001), correlated with IPV. Qualitative accounts echoed these findings, with one participant noting, "Education doesn't change the way some men think."
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that in Kiribati, education alone cannot protect against IPV without addressing three reinforcing mechanisms: entrenched patriarchal norms, women's economic dependence, and male educational disadvantage. Policy responses in this context must move beyond gender-neutral approaches to implement targeted, gender-responsive reforms that promote equitable norms, economic support systems, and inclusive education pathways for both women and men.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.