Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41219800›Full record

ArticleAntimicrobial resistance and infection control2025

Implementing a surveillance and prevention program for post-caesarean surgical site infections in Kenya.

Anne Njoroge, Matthew Westercamp, Loyce Kihungi, Mary Ndinda, Evelyn Wesangula, Catherine Mwangi, Faith Muthoni, George Owiso, Linus Ndegwa, John Lynch and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Anne NjorogeInternational Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya. anjoroge@uw.edu.
Matthew WestercampDivision of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Loyce KihungiInternational Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
Mary NdindaInternational Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
Evelyn WesangulaDepartment of Patient and Healthcare Worker Safety, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya.
Catherine MwangiInfection Prevention and Control Department, Thika Level 5 Hospital, Kiambu, Kenya.
Faith MuthoniInfection Prevention and Control Department, Kitale County Referral Hospital, Kitale, Kenya.
George OwisoInternational Training and Education Center for Health, P.O. Box 2614-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
Linus NdegwaDivision of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya.
John LynchDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Peter RabinowitzDepartment of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Elizabeth BancroftDivision of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Funding

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1U2GGH00172-01
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSurgical Site Infection (SSI) surveillance efforts in sub-Saharan Africa have largely been documented in research settings. Such programs need to be institutionalized within routine healthcare settings for sustainability. We evaluate the feasibility of setting up an SSI surveillance and prevention program within public settings in Kenya.

methodsFacility infection prevention and control (IPC) committees were established, trained, and resourced on SSI surveillance and prevention in two large hospitals in Kenya. A surgical checklist and monitoring form assessing surgical care bundle implementation and wound status before discharge was included in the medical charts of women who had cesarean section (CS) deliveries. Post-discharge wound assessment interviews were targeted for completion 14-30 days after surgery. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests (χ

resultsThe program enrolled 1,039 women undergoing CS. Only 65% (675/1039) were reached for any post-discharge wound assessment, with 28% (186/675) reached within the targeted 30 days. Of these, 7% (12/186) had an SSI. Six of these women (6/37 = 16%) were identified within 14 days post-operatively while the remaining six (6/149 = 4%) were identified 15-30 days post-operatively. Surgical care bundle implementation differed by site, with pre-operative antibiotic use at 100% in Thika vs. 66% in Kitale, with variation in the antibiotics used. Blood glucose monitoring at 23 vs. 32% respectively. Hair removal was low overall at 2%.

conclusionWhile setting up an SSI surveillance and prevention program is feasible, efforts and resources targeting post-discharge follow-up and case finding should be prioritized. National guidelines standardizing surgical antibiotic prophylaxis are needed as part of antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Indexed as

Cesarean SectionInfection ControlSurgical Wound InfectionAdultFemaleHumansKenyaPregnancyYoung AdultInfection prevention and control (IPC)Sub-Saharan africaSurgical care bundleSurgical site infection (SSI)

Identifiers

PMID41219800
PMCPMC12607223

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.