Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41217693›Full record

ArticleThe ultrasound journal2025

The effect of Peyton's four-step method for teaching point-of-care ultrasound psychomotor skills: an experimental study.

Michael Breunig, Ryan Kingsley, Darrell Schroeder, Jason Kraus, Corbin Plooster, Tiffany Galush, Laura Boldenow, Taryn Ragaisis, Hannah Regan, Will M Schouten and 3 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The ultrasound journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07530822 (The Effect Of Prenatal Care Training Using The Peyton Model On Midwifery Students' Knowledge, Skills, Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, And Satisfaction Levels), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07530822 nacompletednot on this map

The Effect Of Prenatal Care Training Using The Peyton Model On Midwifery Students' Knowledge, Skills, Self-Efficacy, Anxiety, And Satisfaction Levels

TypeinterventionalSponsorSaglik Bilimleri UniversitesiRan2025 to 2026Enrolled64ConditionsPrenatal Care, Midwifery Education, Clinical Self-Efficacy, AnxietyArmsPeyton Model Training, Standard Training
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

13 authors.

Michael BreunigMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA. breunig.michael@mayo.edu.
Ryan KingsleyMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Darrell SchroederMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Jason KrausMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Corbin PloosterMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Tiffany GalushMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Laura BoldenowMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Taryn RagaisisMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Hannah ReganMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Will M SchoutenMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Raheel ShafayMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Meltiady IssaMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.
Deanne T KashiwagiMayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, 55905, Rochester, MN, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMedical education commonly utilizes the "see one, do one" two-step approach for teaching psychomotor skills; however, recent evidence suggests that Peyton's four-step method leads to superior learning. There is limited evidence, and almost no high-quality studies, specifically evaluating the effect of Peyton's Four‑Step method on long-term retention of ultrasound/POCUS procedural skills. The purpose of this research project was to evaluate the effectiveness of Peyton's four-step method on teaching the POCUS psychomotor skills of image acquisition to novice learners. Additionally, this research project assessed the influence of Peyton's four-step method at three different points in time during the skill acquisition phase, in the setting of ongoing deliberate skill practice.

methodsA single-blinded, repeated measures interventional study based on experimental design was completed. Physician Assistant students from one large academic medical center were randomized into a control group (using the two-step method) and intervention group (using Peyton's four-step method). Students were taught POCUS of the aorta, bladder, heart, lungs, and kidneys. Students' POCUS skills were assessed during the immediate, intermediate, and delayed learning phases. At each assessment, an organ-specific score and a total score were obtained. Scores were compared using a Wilcoxon rank sum test. An ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed using a generalized linear mixed model with a multinomial distribution and cumulative logit link function to assess the overall effect of Peyton's four-step method.

resultsStudents who were taught using Peyton's method were found to have an increased likelihood of higher total scores compared to those taught using usual instruction (OR = 4.2, p = 0.003). Peyton's method was found to have increased likelihood of higher scores for cardiac (OR = 2.3, p = 0.032), lung (OR = 2.5, p = 0.034), and kidney (OR = 3.0, p = 0.015). Student performance statistically improved with Peyton's four-step method during the immediate (p = 0.031) and delayed (p = 0.011) skill acquisition phases, but not in the intermediate phase.

conclusionPeyton's four-step method improves overall psychomotor skill acquisition for POCUS. Peyton's four-step method specifically improved psychomotor skills in the immediate skill acquisition phase and the delayed skill acquisition phase. The benefit of Peyton's four-step method was more prominent in POCUS applications with higher complexity.

Indexed as

Bedside ultrasoundCompetencyMedical educationPhysician assistantPOCUSPoint-of-care ultrasoundPsychomotor skills

Identifiers

PMID41217693
PMCPMC12605846

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.