ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026
Development and evaluation of recombinant Varicella-Zoster virus glycoprotein E protein microneedles for enhanced pediatric vaccine delivery.
Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Biological Activity of Stilbenoids Against Fungal, Parasitic, and Viral Pathogens.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection remains a significant pediatric health concern, and current live-attenuated vaccines are limited by cold-chain requirements, reactivation risk, and injection-related anxiety. To address these challenges, we developed and evaluated two recombinant VZV glycoprotein E (gE) microneedle (MN) platforms-coated microneedles (gE C-MN) and powder-attached microneedles (gE P-MN)-for painless, skin-targeted pediatric vaccination.Immunogenicity assessments in boosted BALB/c mice revealed comparable IgG antibody titers (> 15 log₂) induced by gE P-MN, gE C-MN, and traditional intramuscular injection, indicating equivalent efficacy among delivery methods. Both MN formulation maintained antigen integrity during fabrication and exhibited excellent long-term stability at 25 °C over 12 months, with gE P-MN showing slightly superior stability compared to gE C-MN. Notably, both MN types significantly outperformed a liquid vaccine formulation in stability. Ex vivo porcine skin studies confirmed high intradermal delivery efficiency (> 95%) for both microneedle types. Additionally, both platforms demonstrated no skin irritation or pyrogenic effects in rabbit safety models.These findings demonstrate that powder-attached and coated microneedles effectively deliver recombinant VZV gE vaccines, satisfying essential requirements for pediatric immunization, including immunogenicity, storage stability, and safety. Thus, recombinant VZV gE microneedles represent a promising, user-friendly vaccine platform capable of enhancing compliance and vaccine accessibility, particularly in resource-limited regions..
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.