ArticleJournal of nanobiotechnology2025
Synergistic gambogic acid/Ga³⁺ remodels the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to enhance triple-negative breast cancer therapy.
Article in Journal of nanobiotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Supramolecular strategy in traditional Chinese medicine processing: Mechanistic insights mediated by self-assembly.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Cell Membrane-Engineered FePDA Nanoparticles Integrate Ferroptosis and Antitumor Immunity.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoplatforms for triple-negative breast cancer: current progress, advances, and future outlook.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2026Review
- Regulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine on the breast-cancer immune microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is a pivotal contributor to therapeutic resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Immunogenic cell death (ICD), which activates antitumor immunity through damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) release, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC. Although gambogic acid (GA) triggers ICD by inducing synergistic apoptosis/ferroptosis and DAMP secretion, its clinical translation is hindered by non-specific targeting, poor solubility, and systemic toxicity. To overcome these limitations, we engineered homologous tumor cell membrane-coated GA/Ga³⁺ nanoparticles (M@GAGa NPs) that operate through a triple-functionality: (1) Tumor-targeted delivery: Homologous membrane coating enables immune evasion and precise TNBC tissue accumulation. (2) TME-responsive synergy: Acidic TME-triggered release of GA and Ga³⁺ permits Ga³⁺-mediated disruption of tumor metabolism via ferric ion mimicry, synergistically enhancing GA-induced cytotoxicity. (3) Immunomodulation: GA-induced ICD releases immune signalling molecules such as calreticulin (CRT) and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), while Ga³⁺ reprograms immunosuppressive cells, collectively activating dendritic cell (DC) antigen presentation and CD8⁺ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. M@GAGa NPs remodel the immunosuppressive TNBC microenvironment through multimodal synergy, offering an innovative precision immunotherapy platform to overcome current therapeutic constraints.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.